Nature (journal)

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"Nature Magazine" and "Nature (magazine)" alter here. For the U.S. annual appear in Baltimore amid 1923 and 1959, see American Attributes Association.
Nature
Cover nature.jpg
Abbreviated appellation (ISO 4)
Nature
Discipline natural sciences
Language English
Edited by Philip Campbell
Publication details
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group (subsidiary of Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group) (United Kingdom)
Publication history
1869–present
Frequency Weekly
Impact factor
(2013)
42.351
Indexing
ISSN 0028-0836 (print)
1476–4687 (web)
CODEN NATUAS
OCLC no. 01586310
Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Nature is a arresting interdisciplinary accurate journal. It was aboriginal appear on 4 November 1869.[1] It was ranked the world's a lot of cited by the Science Edition of the 2010 Account Citation Reports and is broadly admired as one of the few actual bookish journals that publishes aboriginal analysis beyond a advanced ambit of accurate fields.[2] Attributes claims a readership of about 424,000 absolute readers. The account has a apportionment of about 53,000 but studies accept assured that on boilerplate a individual archetype is aggregate by as abounding as eight people.[3]
Research scientists are the primary admirers for the journal, but summaries and accompanying online writing are advised to accomplish abounding of the a lot of important affidavit barefaced to scientists in added fields and the accomplished accepted public. Towards the foreground of anniversary affair are editorials, account and affection online writing on issues of accepted absorption to scientists, including accepted affairs, science FUNDING, business, accurate belief and analysis breakthroughs. There are aswell sections on books and arts. The butt of the account consists mostly of analysis affidavit (articles or letters), which are generally close and awful technical. Because of austere banned on the breadth of papers, generally the printed argument is in fact a arbitrary of the plan in catechism with abounding data relegated to accompanying added actual on the journal's website.
There are abounding fields of accurate analysis in which important new advances and aboriginal analysis are appear as either online writing or belletrist in Nature. The affidavit that accept been appear in this account are internationally acclaimed for advancement top analysis standards.
In 2007 Attributes (together with Science) accustomed the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.[4][5]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Prior to Nature
1.2 Creation of Nature
1.3 20th and aboriginal 21st centuries
1.3.1 Editors
1.3.2 Expansion and development
2 Publishing of articles
2.1 Landmark papers
2.2 Controversies
3 Science fiction
4 Publication
5 Notes and references
6 Bibliography
7 External links

History

Prior to Nature[edit]
The astronomic advance in science and mathematics during the 19th aeon was recorded in journals accounting mostly in German or French, as able-bodied as in English. Britain underwent astronomic abstruse and automated changes and advances decidedly in the closing bisected of the 19th century.[6] In English the a lot of admired accurate journals of this time were the refereed journals of the Royal Society, which had appear abounding of the abundant works from Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday through to aboriginal works from Charles Darwin. In addition, during this period, the amount of accepted science periodicals angled from the 1850s to the 1860s.[7] According to the editors of these accepted science magazines, the publications were advised to serve as "organs of science", in essence, a agency of abutting the attainable to the accurate world.[7]
Nature, aboriginal created in 1869, was not the aboriginal annual of its affectionate in Britain. One account to announce Attributes was Recreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation, which, created in 1859, began as a accustomed history annual and progressed to cover added concrete empiric science and abstruse capacity and beneath accustomed history.[8] The journal's name afflicted from its aboriginal appellation to Intellectual Observer: A Review of Accustomed History, Microscopic Research, and Recreative Science and again afterwards to the Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art.[9] While Recreative Science had attempted to cover added concrete sciences such as astrochemistry and archaeology, the Intellectual Observer broadened itself added to cover abstract and art as well.[9] Agnate to Recreative Science was the accurate account Accepted Science Review, created in 1862,[10] which covered altered fields of science by creating subsections blue-blooded "Scientific Summary" or "Quarterly Retrospect", with book reviews and annotation on the latest accurate works and publications.[10] Two added journals produced in England above-mentioned to the development of Attributes were the Quarterly Account of Science and Accurate Opinion, accustomed in 1864 and 1868, respectively.[9] The account a lot of carefully accompanying to Attributes in its editorship and architecture was The Reader, created in 1864; the advertisement alloyed science with abstract and art in an attack to ability an admirers alfresco of the accurate community, agnate to Accepted Science Review.[9]
These agnate journals all ultimately failed. The Accepted Science Review was the longest to survive, abiding 20 years and catastrophe its advertisement in 1881; Recreative Science accomplished advertisement as the Student and Intellectual Observer in 1871. The Quarterly Journal, afterwards ability a amount of beat changes, accomplished advertisement in 1885. The Reader assured in 1867, and finally, Accurate Opinion lasted a simple 2 years, until June 1870.[8]
Creation of Nature[edit]

First appellation page, November 4, 1869
Not continued afterwards the cessation of The Reader, a above editor, Norman Lockyer, absitively to actualize a new accurate account blue-blooded Nature,[11] demography its name from a band by William Wordsworth: "To the solid arena of attributes trusts the Mind that builds for aye".[12] Aboriginal endemic and appear by Alexander Macmillan, Attributes was agnate to its predecessors in its attack to "provide able readers with an attainable appointment for account about advances in accurate knowledge."[11] Janet Browne has proposed that "far added than any added science account of the period, Attributes was conceived, born, and aloft to serve argumentation purpose."[11] Abounding of the aboriginal editions of Attributes consisted of online writing accounting by associates of a accumulation that alleged itself the X Club, a accumulation of scientists accepted for accepting liberal, progressive, and somewhat arguable accurate behavior about to the time period.[11] Initiated by Thomas Henry Huxley, the accumulation consisted of such important scientists as Joseph Dalton Hooker, Herbert Spencer, and John Tyndall, forth with accession 5 scientists and mathematicians; these scientists were all ardent supporters of Darwin's approach of change as accepted descent, a approach which, during the latter-half of the 19th century, accustomed a abundant accord of criticism a allotment of added bourgeois groups of scientists.[13] Conceivably it was in allotment its accurate accommodation that fabricated Attributes a longer-lasting success than its predecessors. John Maddox, editor of Attributes from 1966 to 1973 as able-bodied as from 1980 to 1995, appropriate at a celebratory banquet for the journal's bazaar archetype that conceivably it was the journalistic qualities of Attributes that drew readers in; "journalism" Maddox states, "is a way of creating a faculty of association a allotment of humans who would contrarily be abandoned from anniversary other. This is what Lockyer's account did from the start."[14] In addition, Maddox mentions that the banking abetment of the account in its aboriginal years by the Macmillan ancestors aswell accustomed the account to curl and advance added advisedly than accurate journals afore it.[14]
20th and aboriginal 21st centuries[edit]
Nature underwent a abundant accord of development and amplification during the 20th century, decidedly during the afterwards bisected of the 90s.[citation needed]
Editors[edit]
Norman Lockyer, the architect of Nature, was a assistant at Imperial College. He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by Sir Richard Gregory.[15] Gregory helped to authorize Attributes in the all-embracing accurate community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was consistently actual absorbed in the all-embracing contacts of science, and in the columns of Attributes he consistently gave acceptable amplitude to accounts of the activities of the All-embracing Accurate Unions."[16] During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship of Attributes afflicted three times, aboriginal in 1945 to A.J.V. Gale and L.J.F. Brimble (who in 1958 became the sole editor), again to John Maddox in 1965, and assuredly to David Davies in 1973.[15] In 1980, Maddox alternate as editor and retained his position until 1995. Philip Campbell has back become Editor-in-chief of all Attributes publications.[15]
Expansion and development[edit]
In 1970, Attributes aboriginal opened its Washington office; added branches opened in New York in 1985, Tokyo and Munich in 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, and Hong Kong in 2005. Starting in the 1980s, the account underwent a abundant accord of expansion, ablution over ten new journals. These new journals comprise the Attributes Publishing Group, which was created in 1999 and includes Nature, Attributes Research Journals, Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference).
In 1997, Attributes created its own website and in 1999 Attributes Publishing Accumulation began its alternation of Attributes Reviews.[15] Some online writing and affidavit are accessible for chargeless on the Attributes web site. Others crave the acquirement of exceptional admission to the site.
Nature claims a readership of about 424,000 absolute readers. The account has a apportionment of about 53,000 but studies accept assured that on boilerplate a individual archetype is aggregate by as abounding as 8 people.[3]
On 30 October 2008, Attributes accustomed an American presidential applicant for the aboriginal time if it accurate Barack Obama during his attack in America's 2008 presidential election.[17][18]
On October 2012, an Arabic archetype of the annual was launched in affiliation with King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers

Publishing of articles

This area may crave cleanup to accommodated Wikipedia's superior standards. The specific botheration is: The agreeable of this area appears to charge in-line citations from absolute reliable sources.. Please advice advance this area if you can. (July 2011)
Having a cardboard (article or letter) appear in Attributes or any Attributes advertisement such as Attributes allure or Attributes actinic assay is actual prestigious, and the affidavit are generally awful cited, which can advance to promotions, admission FUNDING, and absorption from the boilerplate media. Because of these absolute acknowledgment effects, antagonism a part of scientists to broadcast in high-level journals like Attributes and its abutting competitor, Science, can be actual fierce. Nature's appulse factor, a admeasurement of how abounding citations a account generates in added works, was 42.351 in 2013 (as abstinent by Thomson ISI), a part of the accomplished of any science journal.
As with a lot of added able accurate journals, affidavit abide an antecedent screening by the editor, followed by associate assay (in which added scientists, called by the editor for ability with the accountable amount but who accept no affiliation to the assay beneath review, will apprehend and appraisal articles), afore publication. In the case of Nature, they are alone beatific for assay if it is absitively that they accord with a contemporary accountable and are abundantly ground-breaking in that accurate field. As a consequence, the majority of submitted affidavit are alone afterwards review.
According to Nature's aboriginal mission statement:
It is intended, FIRST, to abode afore the accustomed accessible the admirable after-effects of Accurate Plan and Accurate Discovery; and to appetite the claims of Science to a added accustomed accepting in Education and in Circadian Life; and, SECONDLY, to aid Accurate men themselves, by giving aboriginal advice of all advances fabricated in any annex of Natural ability throughout the world, and by affording them an befalling of discussing the assorted Accurate questions which appear from time to time.
—Nature, 1869[20]
This was revised in 2000 to:
First, to serve scientists through alert advertisement of cogent advances in any annex of science, and to accommodate a appointment for the advertisement and altercation of account and issues apropos science. Second, to ensure that the after-effects of science are rapidly broadcast to the accessible throughout the world, in a appearance that conveys their acceptation for knowledge, ability and circadian life.
—Nature, 2000[21]
Landmark papers[edit]
Many of the a lot of cogent accurate breakthroughs in avant-garde history accept been aboriginal appear in Nature. The afterward is a alternative of accurate breakthroughs appear in Nature, all of which had all-encompassing consequences, and the commendation for the COMMODITY in which they were published.
Wave attributes of particles — C. Davisson and L. H. Germer (1927). "The drop of electrons by a individual clear of nickel". Attributes 119 (2998): 558–560. Bibcode:1927Natur.119..558D. doi:10.1038/119558a0.
The neutron — J. Chadwick (1932). "Possible actuality of a neutron". Attributes 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0.
Nuclear fission — L. Meitner and O. R. Frisch (1939). "Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new blazon of nuclear reaction". Attributes 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0.
The anatomy of DNA — J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (1953). "Molecular anatomy of Nucleic Acids: A anatomy for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Attributes 171 (4356): 737–738. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692.
First atomic protein anatomy (myoglobin) — J. C. Kendrew, G. Bodo, H. M. Dintzis, R. G. Parrish, H. Wyckoff and D. C. Phillips (1958). "A three-dimensional archetypal of the myoglobin atom acquired by X-ray analysis". Attributes 181 (4610): 662–666. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..662K. doi:10.1038/181662a0. PMID 13517261.
Plate tectonics — J. Tuzo Wilson (1966). "Did the Atlantic abutting and again re-open?". Attributes 211 (5050): 676–681. Bibcode:1966Natur.211..676W. doi:10.1038/211676a0.
Pulsars — A. Hewish, S. J. Bell, J. D. H. Pilkington, P. F. Scott & R. A. Collins (1968). "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source". Attributes 217 (5130): 709–713. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..709H. doi:10.1038/217709a0.
The blast aperture — J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin (1985). "Large losses of absolute blast in Antarctica acknowledge melancholia ClOx/NOx interaction". Attributes 315 (6016): 207–210. Bibcode:1985Natur.315..207F. doi:10.1038/315207a0.
First cloning of a mammal (Dolly the sheep) — I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind and K. H. S. Campbell (1997). "Viable baby acquired from fetal and developed beastly cells". Attributes 385 (6619): 810–813. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W. doi:10.1038/385810a0. PMID 9039911.
The animal genome — International Animal Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and assay of the animal genome". Attributes 409 (6822): 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062. PMID 11237011.
Controversies[edit]
A alternation of 5 counterfeit affidavit by Jan Hendrik Schön were appear in Attributes in the 2000–2001 period. The papers, about superconductivity, were appear to accommodate biased abstracts and added accurate fraud. In 2003 the affidavit were abandoned by Nature. The Schön aspersion was not bound to Nature. Added arresting journals such as Science and Concrete Assay aswell abandoned affidavit by Schön.[22]
Before publishing one of its a lot of acclaimed discoveries, Watson and Crick's 1953 cardboard on the anatomy of DNA, Attributes did not forward the cardboard out for associate assay at all. John Maddox, Nature's editor, declared that "the Watson and Crick cardboard was not peer-reviewed by Attributes ... the cardboard could not accept been refereed: its definiteness is self-evident. No adjudicator alive in the acreage ... could accept kept his aperture shut already he saw the structure".[23]
An beforehand absurdity occurred if Enrico Fermi submitted his advance cardboard on the anemic alternation approach of beta decay. Attributes angry down the cardboard because it was advised too limited from reality.[24] Fermi's cardboard was appear by Zeitschrift fГјr Physik in 1934,[25] and assuredly appear by Attributes 5 years later,[citation needed] afterwards Fermi's plan had been broadly accepted.
When Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Anesthetic for assay initially alone by Attributes and appear alone afterwards Lauterbur appealed the rejection, Attributes accustomed added of its own missteps in abnegation affidavit in an beat blue-blooded "Coping with Associate Rejection":
[T]here are absolute faux pas in our history. These cover the bounce of Cerenkov radiation, Hideki Yukawa's meson, plan on photosynthesis by Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel, and the antecedent bounce (but closing acceptance) of Stephen Hawking's black-hole radiation.[26]
In June 1988, afterwards about a year of guided analysis from its editors, Attributes appear a arguable and acutely aberrant cardboard account Dr. Jacques Benveniste and his team's plan belief animal basophil degranulation in the attendance of acutely adulterate antibiotic serum.[27] In short, their cardboard assured that beneath than a individual atom of antibiotic could activate an allowed acknowledgment in animal basophils, defying the concrete law of accumulation action. The cardboard aflame abundant media absorption in Paris, chiefly because their assay approved allotment from homeopathic anesthetic companies. Accessible analysis prompted Attributes to authorization an extensive, acrimonious and scientifically ambiguous beginning archetype in Benveniste's lab, through which his team's after-effects were actually disputed

Science fiction

In 1999 Nature began publishing science fiction abbreviate stories. The abrupt "vignettes" are printed in a alternation alleged "Futures". The belief appeared in 1999 and 2000, afresh in 2005 and 2006, and accept appeared account back July 2007.[29] Sister advertisement Nature Physics aswell printed belief in 2007 and 2008.[30] In 2005, Nature was awarded the European Science Fiction Society's Best Publisher accolade for the "Futures" series.[31] One hundred of the Nature belief amid 1999 and 2006 were appear as the accumulating Futures from Nature in 2008.[

Publication

Nature is edited and appear in the United Kingdom by Nature Publishing Group, a accessory of Macmillan Publishers which in about-face is endemic by the Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Nature has offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Boston, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, Munich, and Basingstoke. Nature Publishing Group aswell publishes added specialized journals including Nature Neuroscience, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Methods, the Nature Clinical Practice[disambiguation needed] alternation of journals, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Nature Chemistry, and the Nature Reviews alternation of journals.
Since 2005, anniversary affair of Nature has been accompanied by a Nature Podcast[33] featuring highlights from the affair and interviews with the articles' authors and the journalists accoutrement the research. It is presented by Adam Rutherford and Kerri Smith, and appearance interviews with scientists on the latest research, as able-bodied as account letters from Nature's editors and journalists. It aswell incorporates approved slots alleged the "PODium", a account 60-second assessment slot, and the "Sound of Science", a approved aperture featuring science-related music or added accurate audio recordings. It was aforetime presented by Chris Smith of Cambridge and The Naked Scientists.
In 2007, Nature Publishing Group began publishing Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, the official account of the American Society of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Molecular Therapy, the American Society of Gene Therapy's official journal, as able-bodied as the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) Journal. Nature Publishing Group launched Nature Photonics in 2007 and Nature Geoscience in 2008. Nature Chemistry appear its aboriginal affair in April 2009.
Nature Publishing Group actively supports the self-archiving action and in 2002 was one of the aboriginal publishers to acquiesce authors to column their contributions on their claimed websites, by requesting an absolute licence to publish, rather than acute authors to alteration copyright. In December 2007, Nature Publishing Group alien the Creative Commons attribution-non commercial-share akin unported licence for those online writing in Nature journals that are publishing the primary arrangement of an organism's genome for the aboriginal time. In 2008, a accumulating of online writing from Nature was edited by John S. Partington beneath the appellation H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader and appear by Peter Lang